Semantic Webs of Meaning

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Semantic Webs of Meaning: Building Contextual Knowledge Graphs for Deduction and Integration, by Eugene Asahara

Equip your organization’s people and AI systems to interpret enterprise knowledge with greater precision, context, and accountability using knowledge graphs. This practical introduction helps data architects, AI engineers, governance leaders, technical executives, and subject matter experts create a shared semantic foundation using RDF, RDFS, OWL, SKOS, SHACL, SPARQL, ontologies, and linked data.

Topics

Chapter 1: Introduction to Knowledge Graphs and Semantic Modeling

  • RDF’s Place in AI History
  • Semantics
  • Triples of Spoken Language
  •  Triples of the Semantic Web
  • Where do KGs Fit in the Enterprise AI Landscape?
  • Unified Islands of Knowledge
  • Balancing Simplicity, Salience, and Real-World Complexity
  • Reasoning About Rare and Unanticipated Events
  • The Essence of KG Authoring
  • Mitigating KG Authorship with Self Assembly

 

Chapter 2: Shared Semantic Resources

  • Three Major Large-Scale Knowledge Graphs
  • Wikidata.org – The Open Knowledge Graph
  • Google’s Knowledge Graph – The Proprietary Giant
  • DBpedia – The RDF Extraction of Wikipedia
  • Domain-Oriented Shared Resources
  • Distinguish Dictionary, Vocabulary, Ontology, and KG
  • SNOMED CT—Medicine and Clinical Meaning
  • FIBO—Financial Industry Business Ontology
  • ifcOWL–Industry Foundation Classes—Engineering
  • Schema.org—Web-Scale Structured Meaning
  • Where Do These Shared Semantic Resources Fit?

 

Chapter 3: Ontologies

  • Data Modeling vs. Knowledge Modeling
  • Ontology in the Knowledge Graph World
  • What “Ontology” Formally Means
  • Concept vs. Class
  • Ontology and Taxonomy
  • Real-World Predicates: Where Formal Ontology Debates Begin
  • Comparing RDF/OWL to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
  • Inheritance and Taxonomy
  • Formal Relationships
  • Extending Beyond Ontology

 

Chapter 4: Knowledge Graphs vs.  Traditional Data Structures

  • Unstructured Data
  • Text to RDF
  • Knowledge Workers
  • Knowledge Graphs as a Continuation of Familiar Modeling Practices
  • Object-Oriented Programming as a Familiar Paradigm
  • Structured Non-Database Sources of Knowledge
  • Categories of Knowledge
  • Relational Databases Aren’t Relational Enough
  • Database Table as OWL Classes
  • Mapping from Knowledge Graph to Underlying Enterprise Data
  • Linking Enterprise Concepts to the Rest of the World
  • Table Rows as Classes or Individuals
  • Why Relational Databases Came First
  • Retrofit Relational Databases with IRI Columns
  • Dimensional Models and BI Semantic Layers
  • Closed-World Foundations: Business Processes and Operational Systems
  • Dimensional Models for Decision Making
  • Semantic Layers: Enterprise Integration
  • Knowledge Graphs: Extending into the Open World Assumption
  • Data Vault is Closer to Knowledge Graphs Than Dimensional Models

 

Chapter 5: LLMs as Implicit Knowledge Graphs

  • Captain Kirk and Mr. Spock
  • The Limitations of Symbols: LLM + KG is Closer to Neuro-symbolic
  • LLMs Live in the Shadows
  • Rich Properties: A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words
  • Knowledge Graph and Retrieval-Augmented Generation
  • KGs + LLMs: Documentation That Writes Itself

 

Chapter 6: Standards, Technologies, and Tools

  • The Semantic Web and the W3C Standards Stack
  • IRI: International Resource Identifiers
  • Turtle: A Readable Way to Write RDF
  • Review of RDF Triples
  • “a” is Shorthand for rdf:type and it Means “Is A”
  • Grouping Statements About the Same Subject
  • Multiple Objects
  • Prefixes as Namespaces
  • The Default Prefix
  • Company Prefix
  • Literals, Datatypes, and Languages
  • Anonymous Class
  • RDF 1.1 vs 1.2
  • RDF Technologies
  • RDFS: Basic Modeling Predicates
  • SKOS: Vocabulary and Taxonomy Words
  • OWL: Formal Modeling and Reasoning Terms
  • How RDFS Differs From OWL
  • How SKOS differs from OWL
  • OWL Profiles
  • Exercise: Playing Along with Authoring a Knowledge Graph
  • Step 1: Open Protégé
  • Step 2: Add the Sedan Class
  • Step 3: Add the HondaAccord Sub SubClass
  • Step 4: Adding an Individual Honda Accord
  • Step 5: Create an Object Property for the Honda Accord Individual
  • Reification
  • Your “Midterm Assessment”
  • Reification in RDF 1.2
  • JSON for an Open Schema World
  • JSON-LD

 

Chapter 7: Querying and Reasoning

  • SPARQL: The SQL of the Semantic Web
  • Sample Query with Jena Fuseki
  • Reasoning and Inference
  • Rule Encoding Languages Beyond SWRL
  • SWRL: Rule-Based Reasoning
  • Jena Rules
  • Datalog and Prolog in the Rule-Language Family
  • SPARQL CONSTRUCT as Practical Reasoning
  • Materializing Inferred Triples
  • Provenance, Traceability, and Trust
  • SHACL: Validation Is Not the Same as Reasoning
  • LLM Reasoning as a More Powerful Complement to Symbolic Rules
  • The Practical Limits of Reasoning at Enterprise Scale

 

Chapter 8: Building and Scaling  Knowledge Graphs

  • Data Mesh for Distributed, Loosely-Coupled Development
  • Data Mesh Pillars
  • Data Mesh and Domain-Driven Design
  • Linking Ontologies Through Protégé
  • Importing into Protégé
  • Automated Data Products
  • Machine Learning Models as Data Products
  • Embedding Rich Properties
  • High Scale Graph Databases
  • Main Differences at a Glance
  • Categorization of the Databases
  • Turtle Storage
  • Connectivity
  • Wikidata API for LLM
  • Being a Good Wikidata/DBPedia Citizen
  • Fuseki API
  • Designing Graph Services for AI-Agent Query Scale
  • MCP as the Agent-Facing Layer
  • Protecting the Knowledge Graph
  • Scaling Principle

 

Chapter 9: Security Design Considerations

  • Personally Identifiable Information (PII)
  • Example of Security Approach
  • Property-Based Security
  • Virtual Graphs
  • Securing the Conclusions, Not Just the Triples
  • Parallel Privileged Reasoning
  • Private and Open-Weight LLMs with Knowledge Graphs
  • Semantic Viruses: Corruption of Meaning in a Knowledge Graph
  • Risk Knowledge Graph

 

Chapter 10: Building and Growing an EKG

  • The Discipline of a Lifecycle
  • The Knowledge Graph Team and Federated Governance
  • The Semantic Modeling Mindset
  • The Map of Knowledge and Competency Questions
  • Enterprise Cartography
  • Peeling the Onion
  • Conclusion

 

Appendix Overview

  • Appendix A: Beyond Ontology
  • Appendix B: Additional Domain-Centric Shared Resources and Standards
  • Appendix C: Additional Enterprise Knowledge Sources
  • Appendix D: Advanced Topics and Future Directions
  • Appendix E: Embedding Unstructured Sources
  • Appendix F: Rich Properties and Semantic Schematics
  • Appendix G: Reification and RDF 1.2

Analyze why information scattered across databases, documents, code, catalogs, semantic layers, and people’s minds remains difficult to connect and reuse. Apply semantic modeling to define entities, classes, properties, identifiers, relationships, constraints, and business rules in forms that humans and machines can inspect. Clarify where formal ontologies complement relational databases, dimensional models, master data management, business intelligence, and existing data platforms.

Create and query standards-based models with Turtle, Protégé, and Apache Jena Fuseki. Evaluate open-world reasoning, inference, validation, taxonomy design, vocabulary reuse, data virtualization, and provenance. Practical examples show how to formulate competency questions, write SPARQL queries, connect domain concepts, extract knowledge from existing sources, and ground large language models through retrieval-augmented generation.

Scale from a focused proof of concept to a federated enterprise capability. Establish governance for ontology ownership, IRI management, versioning, security, lineage, reasoning, and cross-domain alignment. Compare graph technologies, examine infrastructure and development scalability, and account for the risks of inferred disclosures, conflicting definitions, unsupported conclusions, and automated decisions that cannot be explained.

This book provides a realistic view of the value, effort, and discipline involved. Build the explicit, governed foundation that allows enterprise systems to move beyond retrieval and toward explanation, reasoning, and responsible decision support.

About Eugene

Eugene Asahara, with a rich history of over 45 years in software development, including over 25 years focused on business intelligence, particularly SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS), is currently working as a Principal Solutions Architect at Kyvos Insights. His exploration of knowledge graphs began in 2005 when he developed Soft-Coded Logic (SCL), a .NET Prolog interpreter designed to modernize Prolog for a data-distributed world. Later in 2012, Eugene ventured into creating Map Rock, a project aimed at constructing knowledge graphs that merge human and machine intelligence across numerous SSAS cubes. While these initiatives didn’t gain extensive adoption at the time, the lessons learned have proven invaluable. With the emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs), building and maintaining knowledge graphs has become practically achievable, and Eugene is leveraging his past experience and insights from SCL and Map Rock to this end. That experience is encapsulated in his books, Enterprise Intelligence and Time Molecules.

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