Data and Reality
Data and Reality: A Timeless Perspective on Perceiving and Managing Information in Our Imprecise World, 3rd Edition, by William Kent
Let’s step back to the year 1978. Sony introduces hip portable music with the Walkman, Illinois Bell Company releases the first mobile phone, Space Invaders kicks off the video game craze, and William Kent writes Data and Reality. We have made amazing progress in the last four decades in terms of portable music, mobile communication, and entertainment, making devices such as the original Sony Walkman and suitcase-sized mobile phones museum pieces today. Yet remarkably, the book Data and Reality is just as relevant to the field of data management today as it was in 1978.
Topics
A Note by Chris Date on the Republication of Data and Reality
Foreword to the New Edition of Data and Reality
Preface to the Third Edition
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
CHAPTER 1: Entities
One Thing
Existence
CHAPTER 2: The Nature of an Information System
Data Description
Records and Representatives
CHAPTER 3: Naming
How Many Ways?
What Is Being Named?
Uniqueness, Scope, and Qualifiers
Scope of Naming Conventions
Changing Names
Versions
Names, Symbols, Representations
Why Separate Symbols and Things?
Sameness (Equality)
CHAPTER 4: Relationships
Degree, Domain, and Role
Forms of Binary Relationships
Other Characteristics
Naming Conventions
Relationships and Instances Are Entities
CHAPTER 5: Attributes
Some Ambiguities
Attribute vs. Relationship
Are Attributes Entities?
Attribute vs. Category
Options
Conclusion
CHAPTER 6: Types and Categories and Sets
“Type”: A Merging of Ideas
Extended Concepts
Sets
CHAPTER 7: Models
General Concept of Models
The Logical Model: Sooner, or Later?
Models of Reality vs. Models of Data
CHAPTER 8: The Record Model
Semantic Implications
The Type/Instance Dichotomy
Naming Practices
Implicit Constraints
CHAPTER 9: Philosophy
Reality and Tools
Points of View
A View of Reality
Data and Reality gracefully weaves the disciplines of psychology and philosophy with data management to create timeless takeaways on how we perceive and manage information. Although databases and related technology have come a long way since 1978, the process of eliciting business requirements and how we think about information remains constant. This book will provide valuable insights whether you are a 1970s data-processing expert or a modern-day business analyst, data modeler, database administrator, or data architect.
This third edition of Data and Reality differs substantially from the first and second editions. Data modeling thought leader Steve Hoberman has updated many of the original examples and references and added his commentary throughout the book, including key points at the end of each chapter.
The important takeaways in this book are rich with insight yet presented in a conversational writing style. Here are just a few of the issues this book tackles:
- Has “business intelligence” replaced “artificial intelligence”?
- Why is a map’s geographic landscape analogous to a data model’s information landscape?
- Where do forward and reverse engineering fit in our thought process?
- Why are we all becoming “data archeologists”?
- What causes the communication chasm between the business professional and the information technology professional, and how can the logical data model bridge this gap?
- Why do we invest in hardware and software to solve business problems before determining what the business problems are in the first place?
- What is the difference between oneness, sameness, and categories?
- Why does context play a role in every design decision?
- Why do the more important attributes become entities or relationships?
- Why do symbols speak louder than words?
- What’s the difference between a data modeler, a philosopher, and an artist?
- Why is the 1975 dream of mapping all attributes still a dream today?
- What influence does language have on our perception of reality?
- Can we distinguish between naming and describing?
From Graeme Simsion’s foreword:
While such fundamental issues remain unrecognized and unanswered, Data and Reality, with its lucid and compelling elucidation of the questions, needs to remain in print. I read the book as a database administrator in 1980, as a researcher in 2002, and just recently as the manuscript for the present edition. On each occasion I found something more, and on each occasion I considered it the most important book I had read on data modeling. It has been on my recommended reading list forever. The first chapter in particular should be mandatory reading for anyone involved in data modeling.
In publishing this new edition, Steve Hoberman has not only ensured that one of the key books in the data modeling canon remains in print, but has added his own comments and up-to-date examples, which are likely to be helpful to those who have come to data modeling more recently. Don’t do any more data modeling work until you’ve read it.
Bill Kent’s website | Siraj Samsudeen’s review of Data and Reality on TDAN.com
About William
William Kent (1936-2005) was a renowned researcher in the field of data modeling. Author of Data and Reality, he wrote scores of papers and spoke at conferences worldwide, posing questions about database design and the management of information that remain unanswered today. Though he earned a bachelor’s degree in chemical engineering and a master’s in mathematics, he had no formal training in computer science. Kent worked at IBM and later at Hewlett-Packard Laboratories, where he helped develop prototype database systems. He also served on or chaired several international standards committees. Kent lived in New York City and later Menlo Park, Calif., before retiring to Moab, Utah, to pursue his passions of outdoor photography and protecting the environment.
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