Ontology Pipeline

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Ontology Pipeline: A Framework for Knowledge Engineering, by Jessica Talisman

Build semantic knowledge systems with trusted and AI-ready taxonomies, ontologies, and knowledge graphs.

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Topics

Introduction

  • Enter the librarians
  • The Ontology Pipeline
  • Controlled vocabulary
  • Taxonomy
  • Thesaurus
  • Ontology
  • Knowledge graph
  • The Ontology Pipeline: A semantic knowledge management framework

Controlled Vocabularies

  • Consistency pays off
  • Simple Precision and Recall for Metrics
  • What a controlled vocabulary is not
  • How to build a controlled vocabulary
  • Corpus analysis: Learning from actual usage
  • Existing standards
  • Application schemas
  • Provenance matters
  • Resolving duplicates
  • Handling homonyms
  • Partial overlaps
  • ANSI Z39.19
  • Definitions: Giving terms a precise meaning
  • Writing effective definitions
  • Context clues
  • Back to definitions
  • Creating consistency through normalization
  • Infrastructure for thinking
  • Beyond the probabilistic fog
  • Statistical learning and domain precision
  • Disambiguation at scale
  • Next-level data hygiene
  • SKOS: Meaning for AI systems
  • From RAG to riches: Production AI
  • The context engineering revolution
  • The guidance: ANSI/NISO Z39.19
  • The governance imperative
  • Vocabularies for autonomous AI
  • The semantic foundation for trustworthy AI
  • Workflow and governance
  • Discovery
  • Conclusion

Metadata Schema

  • A systems thinking perspective
  • The enterprise metadata conversation
  • The library science approach
  • Semantics, metadata, and library science
  • The metadata difference
  • Where we diverge
  • What the enterprise can learn from library sciences
  • A systemic problem
  • The separation of concerns is not helping
  • Data models as semantic infrastructure
  • Why semantic layers fall short
  • Semantic-first governance
  • MDM and the semantic layer
  • The semantic crisis
  • The metadata application profile
  • The CatChums example
  • MAPs solve the semantic layer disconnect
  • The three-layer solution
  • Data quality and semantic precision
  • Threading semantics
  • Governing semantics with structured metadata
  • Practical implementations
  • Real-world implementation patterns
  • Conclusion

Taxonomy

  • A different approach
  • Our goal
  • What a taxonomy is (and is not)
  • Classification, navigation, and reasoning
  • Before we get started
  • Ontology pipeline
  • Use cases and requirements
  • Coverage model
  • Gathering from diverse formats and file types
  • Sourcing across organizational boundaries
  • Leveraging external and industry taxonomies
  • The capture, collection, and reconciliation process
  • Mapping to industry standard vocabularies
  • Why domain coverage is important
  • Coverage model as a framework
  • Transforming flat vocabulary into a structured hierarchy
  • What we’re building
  • From coverage model to hierarchy
  • Starting with top-level categories
  • The Is-a test
  • Taxonomy levels
  • Writing definitions
  • What makes a good definition
  • Managing alternative labels
  • The acronym rule
  • Structuring your taxonomy in a spreadsheet
  • Reading the hierarchy
  • How AI systems utilize taxonomies
  • Building a branch example
  • Common pitfalls and how to avoid them
  • Quality checklist
  • Why SKOS?
  • What SKOS adds to your spreadsheet taxonomy
  • Anatomy of a SKOS taxonomy
  • From spreadsheet to SKOS: A column-by-column translation
  • Documentation properties in practice
  • Connecting through mapping properties
  • The complete financial literacy branch
  • SKOS taxonomies as AI infrastructure
  • Governance and lifecycle
  • Lifecycle management
  • Tooling
  • Quality checklist for SKOS taxonomies
  • The thesaurus horizon
  • Conclusion

Thesaurus

  • Explicit concept hierarchies and relations
  • Lightweight inference support
  • Synonym and mapping handling for lexical reasoning
  • Interoperability within neuro-symbolic architectures
  • Not all ontologies are created equal
  • Foundation for shared understanding
  • A shared vocabulary
  • Support iterative development
  • Why SKOS is enough
  • The mighty thesaurus
  • Next steps
  • The journey from controlled vocabulary to thesaurus
  • Conclusion

Ontology

  • Why the confusion exists
  • Ontology Is philosophizing
  • The field lacks institutional standardization
  • The semantic web stack is not a relic of the past
  • Ontology as a marketing concept
  • It’s a model, it’s a language, it’s an expression
  • We don’t see the problem
  • A brief history
  • Ontologies are symbolic AI
  • The semantic web and the problem it solves
  • The building blocks: RDF and URIs
  • RDF triple
  • RDFS is the first step toward semantics
  • RDFa: The embedding syntax
  • OWL: Logical machinery
  • Are these ontologies? The standards debate
  • Semantic standards and ontological commitment
  • The spectrum and the pipeline
  • What is an ontology?
  • What’s not an ontology?
  • The scenario
  • Ontology design heuristics
  • The three-box architecture as design process
  • Building our workflow ontology framework
  • Integrating the CBox into the ontology
  • The SKOS-XL route
  • The complete ontology design framework
  • The metadata layer
  • Metadata as integration
  • Building the classes
  • Building the properties
  • The metadata layer at work: A business use case
  • Validating the model
  • NTWF ontology coverage
  • Governance
  • Competency questions as a governance instrument
  • Ontologies and AI
  • AI contributes to ontology development
  • The NTWF graph as an AI system registry
  • Ontology is the ground truth
  • RAG over structured graphs
  • AI-assisted ontology maintenance
  • Ontology as organizational memory
  • Conclusion

Knowledge Graph

  • A knowledge graph is an architecture
  • Knowledge graph architecture components
  • Taxonomies and thesauri as a conceptual model
  • Bee taxonomy
  • The ontology: Formal logic and reasoning
  • NTWF workflow ontology
  • Vocabulary versus ontology
  • Ontologies, neural networks, and AI
  • The knowledge base
  • Metadata schemas
  • Requirements from the Gene Ontology (GO)
  • The validation layer
  • The query layer
  • Natural Language Processing (NLP)
  • Vector databases
  • Knowledge graph embeddings
  • Graph algorithms
  • Knowledge graph component summary
  • The Ontology Pipeline stages at a glance
  • The landscape of architectures
  • Three common RDF architectures
  • The enterprise knowledge graph
  • R2RML overview
  • Reasoning
  • NLP pipelines
  • Query layer
  • Deployments
  • The enterprise pattern’s tradeoff
  • The domain knowledge graph
  • The linked data knowledge graph
  • Deployments
  • Infrastructure and availability
  • The linked data pattern’s tradeoff
  • Architecture as commitment
  • Scoping the graph
  • Competency questions as the scoping device
  • Scoping by pattern
  • Enterprise knowledge graph
  • Domain knowledge graph
  • Linked data knowledge graph
  • Staffing the graph
  • Core roles
  • Staffing by pattern
  • Phases of implementation
  • Production infrastructure
  • Production governance
  • Maintaining semantic integrity
  • Ontology evolution
  • Vocabulary maintenance
  • Validation as continuous assurance
  • The AI feedback loop
  • The cost of semantic debt
  • Architecture is a practice
  • Conclusion

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Ontology Pipeline gives data leaders, semantic engineers, ontologists, taxonomists, knowledge managers, librarians, AI architects, and enterprise data teams a practical framework for turning messy organizational language into structured, machine-readable knowledge. Instead of treating ontology development or knowledge graph construction as a black box, this book provides a clear sequence: controlled vocabularies, metadata schemas, taxonomies, thesauri, ontologies, and knowledge graphs.

Analyze how language, definitions, labels, synonyms, metadata, and relationships shape the performance of artificial intelligence systems. The book explains why large language models, retrieval-augmented generation, semantic search, entity resolution, and information retrieval all depend on clean, governed, semantically enriched data. It also shows how library and information science methods can help organizations build scalable semantic knowledge management systems that support both human understanding and machine reasoning.

Design each stage of the Ontology Pipeline with practical guidance, examples, standards, and implementation patterns. Readers will explore controlled vocabulary development, SKOS taxonomies, thesaurus relationships, RDF, OWL, SHACL, SPARQL, competency questions, ontology governance, semantic validation, and knowledge graph architecture. The book connects these concepts to real enterprise needs, including data quality, semantic layers, AI governance, domain modeling, knowledge management, and production AI infrastructure.

Evaluate what it really takes to build and maintain a knowledge graph as architecture, not just as a product or database. Learn why we build, govern, and maintain a knowledge graph with attention to semantic debt, staffing, operational funding, ontology change management, validation workflows, and long-term trust. For teams investing in AI, data governance, data catalogs, metadata management, enterprise architecture, or semantic technology, this book provides the missing roadmap.

Apply the Ontology Pipeline to create a formal, explicit, shared model of what your organization knows. Whether you are building a semantic layer, improving RAG accuracy, designing a domain ontology, creating an enterprise knowledge graph, or trying to make AI outputs more reliable, Ontology Pipeline provides the vocabulary, structure, and processes to move from disconnected data to governed organizational knowledge.

About Jessica

Jessica Talisman is a Semantic Engineer, Information Architect, and knowledge infrastructure strategist with more than 25 years of experience spanning enterprise architecture, e-commerce content systems, digital libraries, and knowledge management.

 She is the creator of the Ontology Pipeline™, a structured framework for building semantic knowledge infrastructure from first principles, moving progressively from controlled vocabularies to taxonomies, thesauri, ontologies, and fully realized knowledge graphs. She has led semantic architecture initiatives at Adobe, where she architected an RDF-based knowledge graph supporting the Digital Experience ecosystem, and at Amazon, where she worked in information architecture and taxonomy. 

She is the founder of Contextually LLC, a consulting and coaching practice specializing in ontology modeling, NLP integration, knowledge graphs, and knowledge infrastructure design, and of The Knowledge Graph Academy, a cohort-based program that trains future semantic engineers and ontologists through a balance of theory and practice. She writes regularly on her Substack newsletter, Intentional Arrangement, where her work explores the relationship between semantic systems and AI.

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